Hot Spots, burnings and
respiratory problems in the
city of Campo Grande-MS in
the period 2014-2020
Estrabão
Vol(3):75 - 90
©The Author(s) 2022
DOI: 10.53455/re.v3i.26
Bianca Garcia Oliveira
1
and Vicentina Socorro da Anunciação
1
Abstract
The use of fire to carry out burnings is a cultural and frequent practice, causing harmful
consequences both to the environment and to human health, triggering influences on climate
variability, loss of biodiversity, driving the fauna away, and bringing on respiratory problems, among
others. The production of urban space in the city of Campo Grande-MS and its territorial expansion
have made it a place of major transformations over time that have generated environmental changes
with repercussions on the lives of the population, such as burnings. In this sense, this study brings
reflection on the data on hot spots, fires, climate and respiratory system diseases in the city of Campo
Grande-MS, from the comparison between the related variables. Data on diseases of the respiratory
system were obtained from the Hospital Information System of the National Health System of Brazil
(DATASUS/SUS) on notified and confirmed cases; Precipitation data were concatenated from the
INMET Database (National Institute of Meteorology) available at the CEMTEC Database (Weather
and Climate Monitoring Center of Mato Grosso do Sul), information related to hot spots was collected
from BDQueimadas (Database of fires) at INPE (National Institute for Space Research). The results
show that many action strategies have been carried out to revert the occurrences, but in a rather
palliative perspective; thus, specific problems continue to occur, requiring more incisive measures.
Keywords
Hot spots, climatic variables, diseases, urbanization
1 UFMS, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
Email: vanunciacaoufms@gmail.com (Vicentina Socorro da Anunciação)
Corresponding author:
Bianca Garcia Oliveira, UFMS, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
Email: vanunciacaoufms@gmail.com@0000000185715109.
76 Estrabão (3) 2022
Introduction
Burning is a recurrent practice that impacts both the environment and human health, and the increase in
the incidence of this phenomenon potentiates the potential for worsening adversities. Thus, research on
fires is an important tool for analysis, reflection and discussion on the issue. In this sense, the geographic
science becomes essential to the discussion of the problem, since it involves space and the interactions
established.
In Brazil, burning is associated with anthropic action, being characterized as a recurrent cultural
practice, used for the purpose of renewal of pastures and land clearing, and it is also associated with
deforestation (HORN, M. 2017p.15). Thus, it is important to highlight the concepts of hot spots, burning
and wildfires. According to Gontijo, G. et al. (2011, p.7966) hot spots are “geographical coordinates
captured by spatial sensors on the ground surface, when detecting temperature above 47 ºC and minimum
area of 900 m2”; and according to Lopes, L. et al. (2018, p.118) “the burnings have anthropic origin and
wildfires can occur naturally or anthropically”.
In this sense, according to information from BDQueimadas (Burn Database) of INPE (National
Institute for Space Research), in the year 2019, 197,632 hot spots were detected in Brazil compared
to 2020, which totaled 222,797 hot spots detected from all satellites (INPE, 2019-2020a).
In the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, there were 11,653 hot spots in 2019 compared to 2020, which
totaled the quantitative of 12,080 hot spots (INPE, 2019-2020b). The municipality of Campo Grande
presented 913 hot spots in 2019 and 1,547 in 2020, with the information coming from all satellites
(INPE, 2019-2020c). It is noteworthy that from these indices, the quantitative 420 hot spots, according to
table 1, occurred in the urban area, where we observe a significant increase in the incidence of hot spots
and consequent negative impact on the environment and health.
According to Pinto Junior, S.; Silva, C. (2012, p. 2), the burnings in Mato Grosso do Sul are of
anthropic origin in most cases, being linked to “agricultural and livestock expansion” and “climatic
factors, added to the geographical ones, i.e., the characteristics of each region, the atmospheric circulation
systems, the distribution of rainfall, the dry seasons” characterize the distribution of the phenomenon. In
this sense, it is noteworthy that the increased incidence of fires arising from anthropic action mainly in
regions and climatic conditions favorable to the spread of fire potentiates the increase of environmental
impacts.
According to Morello, T. et al. (2020, p.1), the burnings and forest fires are the main causes associated
with air pollution and increase in the number of cases of respiratory problems (...), especially during the
dry season. However, according to Morello, T. et al. (2020,p.1) in the year 2020 two factors contributed
to the worsening of the situation: deforestation and COVID-19. Thus, we can note that the burnings
associated with other factors can contribute to the worsening of respiratory problems.
Thus, fires represent a risk to human health because the emission of particulate material can worsen
respiratory problems such as asthma, rhinitis and sinusitis, among others. Referring to the context of the
city of Campo Grande, it is possible to infer that fires influence the quality of life of the population and
the environment, since the smoke emitted by burning emits particulate matter into the atmosphere, thus
influencing the air quality and aggravating respiratory diseases.
In this sense, Geography, as a science that studies space and its interactions with space, becomes
essential in research on fires. Hence, inherent to geography of health, it establishes the relationship
between the spatial distribution of diseases with these other aspects, and associated with geotechnologies,
it can contribute to the analysis and research on environmental issues, mainly related to burning,
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deforestation and the emergence of diseases. On this account, through the tools, satellite images, software,
and remote sensing, it is possible to monitor spatial phenomena, as well as visualize and analyze them
through digital maps, in addition to proposing intervention actions in order to stop the occurrence.
This research intends to analyze the relationship between fires and respiratory system diseases in
the city of Campo Grande-MS, based on a comparison between hospitalizations, data on hot spots and
climatic variables. We start from the following guiding question: Do urban fires contribute to the increase
in the incidence corresponding to respiratory diseases in Campo Grande-MS? Thus, we reflect on the
occurrences of heat waves and their effects on the use of infrastructure and equipment of health services,
considering the importance of research in the correlation of possible processes of change in human health.
Methodology
The research area corresponds to the city of Campo Grande-MS (figure 1), which, according to
Planurb (Municipal Agency of Environment and Urban Planning), is divided into seven urban regions:
Anhanduizinho, Bandeira, Centro, Lagoa, Imbirussu, Prosa and Segredo (PLANURB, 2020 p.100).
Figure 1. Location of the city of Campo Grande-MS
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For the development of this research, a bibliographic review was conducted regarding the geography of
health, urbanization, climate and fires, as well as a survey of reported cases regarding respiratory diseases
in Datasus, in the period 2014-2020. In this sense, we set out a relationship between cases of respiratory
diseases (materialized in the urban space), occurrence of hot spots and climate variables.
Subsequently, the heat fires of all satellites in the period 2014-2020 were downloaded from
BDQueimadas/INPE; the information was spatialized in the Qgis software for the configuration of the
coordinate system of the fires for Datum SIRGAS 2000, UTM 21S; and the spatial clipping of the fires
for the urban area was made through the overlay of the shapefile of the city of Campo Grande, as well
as observation of the places with higher incidence. From there, visits were made to the most vulnerable
areas, mapping and checking health and environmental conditions. All information was systematized in
Word and Excel computer programs with textual formatting, preparation of tables and figures edition.
The cast information was confronted with the cases of disease, seeking to emphasize the influence
caused by anthropic action, from the urbanization process in conjunction with the climatic element,
precipitation, heat fires and cases of diseases that affect the respiratory system.
Theoretical Basis
The use of fire for burning is an old and cultural practice that, due to its low cost and fast action, is
used repeatedly, both for the renewal of pastures and for clearing land with tall vegetation. However, this
practice has a direct impact on the environment and on the health of living beings, mainly through the
emission of pollutant gases and the aggravation of respiratory problems.
Burnings are a constant problem in Brazil, given the number of hot spots and burned areas annually, as
well as the scientific research on this issue. According to data from Inpe (2019-2020a), in the period from
July to November 2019, a total of 164,761 hot spots were detected compared to the other months that
totaled 32,871 hot spots; in the same period in 2020, the total number of detected hot spots was 190,758,
compared to the other months that together totaled 32,039 hot spots.
Thus, it is possible to observe that the most critical months in relation to the incidence of fires were
from July to November, with increased incidence in 2020. In the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, the years
2019 and 2020 totaled respectively 11,653 and 12,080 heat spots, compared to the year 2018, that totaled
2380 hot spots (INPE, 2019-2020b).
According to Fernandes, T.; Hacon, S.; Novaes, J. (2021,p.145), in the period between 2010-2018,
many scientific researches were conducted on the fires and the effects of particulate matter emissions
in the atmosphere that cause climate change, air pollution and negative impact on human health due to
respiratory problems.
In view of this, Ribeiro, H.; Pesqueiro, C. (2010, p.263), Silva, A. et al. (2013, p.346), Araújo, F.;
Miziara, F. (2014, p.113), Gonçalves, K.; Castro, H.; Hacon, S. (2014, p.1524) point out the following
impacts of fires: air pollution resulting from the emission of particulate matter into the atmosphere and
the consequent appearance of respiratory problems, in addition to effects on human health, as well as
impact on the ecosystem due to the association between deforestation and burning.
Among the main causes of burning is the anthropic action and the increased incidence of hot spots
detected by satellite that occur especially in the dry season, given that the climatic characteristics favor
the spread of fire (LEÃO, R.; FERREIRA, G.; STRAUCH, J. 2020 p. 180).
According to data from Inpe (2019-2020 c), the municipality of Campo Grande-MS totaled 2,460
hot spots between 2019-2020, being 913 in 2019 and 1,547 in 2020.
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Given this context, it is worth emphasizing the importance of geographic science for the analysis of
the facts. As a science that studies society and interactions with the environment, especially in the area of
health geography, it enables the study of the spatial distribution of diseases related to environmental,
social, cultural, economic and political factors. The association of cartography and geotechnologies
potentiates the analysis of geographic research, as it makes use of tools such as: maps, satellite images,
software like Qgis, among others, which are capable of helping the investigation of different spatial
phenomena. In this sense, we highlight the use of geotechnologies in the detection and probing of the
spatial distribution of fires and hot spots in this study.
Results and Discussion
Burning is a practice that directly impacts the environment and human health, since it emits particulate
matter into the atmosphere, resulting in air pollution and worsening respiratory diseases. Moreover,
anthropic action has contributed to the increase in occurrences of fires, especially in dry periods favorable
to fire propagation, demonstrating that the incidence of fires is associated with climatic conditions, with
negative impact on human health and the environment.
Thus, Geography, particularly the geography of health, makes it possible to establish this relationship
between the studied phenomenon and the environment in which it is inserted. In this sense, the use
of geotechnologies to obtain satellite images through remote sensing and the analysis of the spatial
distribution of hot spots in the city of Campo Grande allowed the analysis of the locations of incidence
and the recurrence of hot spots in conjunction with climatic, social and cultural aspects, among others.
Table 1. Hot spots and precipitation in Campo Grande
Year
Number of hot spots in
urban areas
Number of hot spots
in rural areas
Total hot spots
Annual
precipitation
(mm)
2014
63 hot spots
295 hot spots
1,523.8 mm
2015
81 hot spots
316 hot spots
1,522 mm
2016
104 hot spots
336 hot spots
1,590.4 mm
2017
139 hot spots
518 hot spots
1,694.2 mm
2018
65 hot spots
218 hot spots
1,145.8 mm
2019
205 hot spots
708 hot spots
1,201.4 mm
2020
215 hot spots
1,332 hot spots
1,079 mm
Total
872 hot spots
3,723 hot spots
9,756.60 mm
Source: Updated by the author, based on information from INPE, 2014-2020; CEMTEC/SEMAGRO,
2014; 2015; 2016; 2017; 2018; 2019; 2020.
According to Table, 1 it is possible to observe that in the period (2014-2020), the years 2020, 2019 and
2017 represent the highest incidence of hot spots in the municipality, totaling 3,117 hot spots, associated
with the annual precipitation; we note that the year of highest incidence of hot spots showed a reduction in
precipitation rates, totaling 1,079 mm. Thus, the relationship between the climatic variable, precipitation
and hot spots is notable, as when there is more precipitation, there are fewer hot spots. With respect to the
urban area of the municipality, the period with the highest number of hot spots occurred between 2017,
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Estrabão (3) 2022
2019 and 2020, with a total of 139 hot spots in 2017, 205 hot spots in 2019 and 215 hot spots in 2020; we
note that precipitation in this period totaled 3,974.6 mm. However, it is necessary to evaluate the monthly
quantitative, as shown in Table 2.
Rainfall (mm) in Campo Grande
Table 2.
MONTHS
YEARSJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
2014 160.40 110.80 155.00 49.40 183.00 54.20 119.20 17.20
65.80 19.00 225.60 364.20 1.523,8
2015 254.80 161.00 72.60 100.00 135.60 40.40 87.20 8.60
225.40 95.60 150.00 190.80 1.522
2016 382.60 185.20 190.00 70.8 206.80 48.80 5.40 65.60
37.00 91.40 116.80 190.00 1.590,4
2017 220.00 87.00 226.60 157.00 104.60 45.80 0.20 38.20
45.00 228.60 315.80 225.40 1.694,2
2018 138.40 199.80 97.40 89.6 37.40 11.00 0.00
112.20 89.40
167.40 148.20 55.00 1.145,8
2019 55.60 271.80 145.60 104.40 76.40 20.60 46.40
2.00 16.00
30.80 149.60 282.20 1.201
2020 164.80 227.20 80.20 80.20 90.20 41.20 4.00
35.60 8.40
150.40 100.40 96.40 1.079
Total 1376,6 1242,8 967,4 651,4 834 262 262,4
279,4 487
783,2 1206,4 1404 9.756,60
Source: CEMTEC/SEMAGRO 20114-2020
Table 2 shows that the months with the most rainfall in 2014 were November (225.60mm), December
(364.20mm) and May (183.00mm), totaling together 772.8 mm of rain. In the year 2015, the months of
January (254.80mm), September (225.40mm) and December (190.80mm) totaled 671 mm of rain. In the
year 2016, the months with the most rainfall were January (382.60mm), May (206.80mm) and March
(190.00), totaling 779.4 mm of rain. In 2017, the months were respectively November (315.80mm),
October (228.60mm) and December (225.40mm), totaling 769.8 mm of rain. In the year 2018, the
months were February (199.80mm), October (167.40mm) and November (148.20mm), totaling 515.4
mm of rain. In 2019, the months were December (282.20mm), February (271.80mm) and November
(149.60mm), totaling 703.6 mm of rain. And for 2020, the months with the most rainfall were February
(227.20mm), January (164.80mm) and October (150.40mm), totaling 542.4 mm of rain. We can note that
the months with the highest rainfall index in the analyzed period correspond to the summer months of
December (1404 mm), January (1376.6 mm) and February (1242.8 mm), totaling 4,023.4 mm of rain.
The occurrences in the quantitative volume variations over the years are noteworthy, as they show an
indirect relationship between the quantity of fires and rainfall. Thus, it is possible to observe in figures
1-7 the spatial distribution of hot spots in the urban area of Campo Grande.
In figures 1-4, it is possible to observe the spatial distribution of hot spots in Campo Grande, with
the urban regions of Anhanduizinho, Bandeira, Imbirussu and Segredo presenting the highest incidence
of hot spots, totaling respectively 69, 61, 80 and 76 hot spots in the period 2014-2017; comparing with
the precipitation data, we can note that the period 2014-2017 was rainy, totaling 6,325.6mm, so it is
not possible to state that there is a direct relationship between precipitation and hot spots, however, it is
possible to state that the episodes of hot spots may be associated with anthropic action.
As shown in Figures 5-7, there is a higher incidence of spots compared to previous years from 2014-
2017, and in the years 2019-2020, a total of 485 spots were detected. An increase in hot spots from 2019
compared to previous years is noted, with 2019 totaling 205 hot spots, compared to 2018, which totaled
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Figure 2. Heat spots by urban region in 2014
Figure 3. Heat spots by urban region in 2015
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Figure 4. Heat spots by urban region in 2016
Figure 5. Heat spots by urban region in 2017
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Figure 6. Heat spots by urban region in 2018
Figure 7. Heat spots by urban region in 2019
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Figure 8. Heat spots by urban region in 2020
65, and also an increase in hot spots from 2019 to 2020, with 2020 totaling 215 hot spots. Thus, in relation
to precipitation, we can note that the period 2018-2020 totaled 3,529mm.
With this, it is worth mentioning the urbanization rate of Campo Grande-MS, which, according to Ibge
(1970-2010) cited in Planurb (2020, p.106), was 93.51% in 1970, 97.22% in 1980, 98.59% in 2000, and
98.66% in 2010. There is a slight increase in urbanization in Campo Grande, but this, associated with the
habits of the population, contribute to the increase in the incidence of fires in the city.
hows a significant increase in hot spots from 2019 to 2020, from 913 to 1,547, and in the urban area,
from 215 in 2019 to 220 in 2020, triggering attention in relation to impacts on human health through
the aggravation of respiratory disease. In this sense, Table 2 shows the records of hospitalizations due to
respiratory system diseases.
Table 3. Respiratory system diseases by place of admission inCampo Grande-MS
ICD-10 Morbidity List YEAR
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 TOTAL
Acute Pharyngitis and Acute Tonsillitis
-
4
3
2
4
11
7
31
Acute Laryngitis and Tracheitis
6
2
11
13
8
20
17
77
Other acute upper respiratory infections
16
12
13
23
18
17
12
111
Influenza [flu]
8
35
81
84
98
95
223
626
Pneumonia 2.869 2.574 2.679 2.479 2.326 2.695 2.039 17.661
Acute bronchitis and acute bronchiolitis 128 146 96 132 119 190 66 877
Chronic sinusitis
11
13
32
26
10
13
3
108
Other diseases of the nose and sinuses
82
127
100
85
76
52
32
554
Chronic tonsil and adenoid diseases
357
354
367
250
111
137
45
1.621
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Other upper respiratory tract diseases
15
21
21
55
28
24
27
191
Bronchitis, emphysema and other chronic
142
156
206
207
209
212
177
1.309
obstructive pulmonary diseases
Asthma
28
43
34
50
45
63
39
302
Bronchiectasis
1
1
7
5
33
26
1
74
Pneumoconiosis
7
4
5
8
4
3
1
32
Other respiratory system diseases 963 1.035 1.115 943 882 761 871 6.570
Total 4.635 4.527 4.770 4.362 3.971 4.319 3.560 30.144
Source: Updated by the author from DATASUS data, 2014-2020.
As per table 2, we can note that the respiratory diseases with more notifications in the municipality
were: Pneumonia (17,624 notifications); Chronic diseases of the tonsils and adenoids (1,599 cases);
Influenza (1,446); Bronchitis emphysema and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (1,324);
other diseases of the respiratory system, with a total of 6,509 cases. Furthermore, it is important to note
that the year with the highest occurrence of respiratory diseases was 2016, totaling 5,661 hospitalizations
compared to the total of 440 hot spots observed in 2016. In view of this, it is possible to observe in Table
3 the hospitalizations by year/month of processing, according to ICD-10 Morb List of Chapter ICD-10
X Respiratory Diseases in Campo Grande in the year 2016, because this year presented a higher quantity
of hospitalizations compared to the other years within the period analyzed.
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Table 4. Respiratory Tract Diseases by month of processing in the year 2016
MONTH OF PROCESSING
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
TOTAL
Acute Pharyngitis and Acute
Tonsillitis
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
3
Acute Laryngitis and
1
1
1
-
-
2
2
-
-
4
-
-
11
Tracheitis
Other acute upper respiratory
1
1
-
-
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
-
13
infections
Influenza [flu]
2
5
5
6
4
10
4
10
16
8
3
8
81
Pneumonia
161
122
176
185
272
252
338
255
244
265
199
210
2.679
Acute bronchitis and acute
4
4
3
10
9
9
12
15
7
16
4
3
96
bronchiolitis
Chronic sinusitis
-
2
5
5
1
2
1
2
9
2
3
-
32
Other diseases of the nose
11
8
10
6
8
12
15
9
3
5
7
6
100
and sinuses
Chronic tonsil and adenoid
14
28
38
34
33
32
34
39
42
19
27
27
367
diseases
Other upper respiratory tract
2
-
2
1
2
-
-
4
4
-
3
3
21
diseases
Bronchitis, emphysema and
13
11
14
10
8
13
16
20
23
26
20
32
206
other chronic obstructive
pulmonary diseases
Asthma
-
-
-
4
3
2
4
5
6
5
3
2
34
Bronchiectasis
-
-
1
-
-
-
3
-
-
2
1
-
7
Pneumoconiosis
-
-
-
2
-
-
1
-
1
-
1
-
5
Other respiratory system
79
69
93
84
93
100
89
81
126
102
89
110
1.115
diseases
Total
288
251
349
347
434
436
520
441
485
457
361
401
4.770
Source: DATASUS, 2014-2020.
Based on table 3, it is possible to observe that the month with the highest number of hospitalizations
was July, with 520 hospitalizations, and the month with the lowest number was February, with 251
hospitalizations. Regarding the disease that presented the highest number of hospitalizations in 2016,
pneumonia totaled 2,679 hospitalizations from January to December of this year, and acute pharyngitis
and acute tonsillitis had the lowest number of hospitalizations, totaling 3 hospitalizations. Compared to
the number of hot spots in 2016, according to table 1, it is noted that the hot spots in the city of Campo
Grande totaled 440, with annual precipitation of 1,564.6 mm.
Thus, it is possible to note that there is no direct relationship between hot spots and respiratory
diseases, considering that the year 2020 had the highest number of hot spots, but the lowest number of
hospitalizations for respiratory problems in the analyzed period. However, according to table 1, we can
note that there is a direct relationship between heat spots and precipitation, with the year 2020 showing
the highest number of hot spots and low precipitation.
ICD-10 Morbidity
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In the city of Campo Grande-MS, according to Planurb; Campo Grande (2019, p.7), environmental
education actions are carried out, such as the “Say no to Urban Burning” campaign. However, it is a
recurring phenomenon, which may be associated with ineffectiveness in internalizing information and
raising awareness in society. In this sense, it is important to advance scientific research on burning and
health in Campo Grande.
Final Considerations
From the information on hot spots, precipitation and respiratory system diseases, the importance
of scientific research on environmental issues is noteworthy, especially about the negative impacts of
human action that trigger environmental degradation. Burnings and fires are responsible for the emission
of particulate matter that directly influences the health of the population living near the burned areas, as
well as the population of other regions. Another observed factor is related to the issue of deforestation
that, associated with the fires, interferes with human health, as well as with the ecosystem and the climate.
Thus, it is necessary to emphasize that, based on the information obtained, it was not possible
to observe a direct relationship between hot spots and hospitalizations for respiratory diseases in the
period analyzed, considering that the year 2020 represented a higher number of hot spots, but fewer
hospitalizations, a factor that may be related to the attention paid to the panorama triggered by the
pandemic of COVID-19.
However, we noticed a relationship between hot spots and rainfall data, since the year 2020 showed a
low precipitation index, with a total of 1,181.4 mm in the period analyzed, while the record precipitation
of 1,201.4 mm in the year 2019 coincided with a high incidence of hot spots, totaling 913 hot spots. The
burnings may be associated with urbanization in the case studied, due to the habits of the population that
perform the burning of organic matter, associated with climate variability and meteorological weather
conditions in the seasonality of the occurrence of the facts, enhancing the circumstances of involvement
of respiratory diseases.
However, it is expected that from the initial development of this research, the triggering of analysis and
reflection with greater depth thematic will occur to contribute to the discussion on burning and its impact
on human health and the environment, as well as the development of critical environmental education
actions in order to raise awareness and train environmental ambassadors in the city of Campo Grande-
MS.
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